All over the world, the civilizing process began in the river valleys. Four great civilizations developed some 5000 years ago, namely- (1) The Indus Valley or The Harappan Civilization, India, (2)Egyptian Civilization on the banks of river Nile, North-East Africa, (3) Mesopotamian civilization on the banks of rivers Tigris and Euphoprates, Middle East, (4) The Chinese Civilization in the valley of Hwang Ho and Yangtze rivers, East Asia.
In 1921 an Indian archeologist, Daya Ram Sahni , discovered the ruins of the city of Harappa. It was situated on the bank of river Ravi in West Punjab. Simultaneously, in 1922 the ruins of mohanjo- daro were discovered in the Larkana district of Sind by R.D. Banarjee. As both the places belonged to the Indus valley, the civilization called as indus valley civilization.
By the archeological surveys it was found that nearly 5000 B.C. first human gathering started near the river of Mesopotamia. In Indian continent, evidences of human civilization was found of 3500 B.C. at Mantgomri in the district of Punjab. This later developed as Harappa or Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization was speaded in the area of nearly 1000 miles. It was existed in Rupar in Shimla in North till Sutkagendorh in South. Its ruins had found in Alamgirpur in Meruth in east . Ruins had also excavated in Kalibanga, Lothal, Amri, Kotdizi, Chahnodaro etc.
The people of the Harappan Civilization were urban and highly skilled. There cities were well planned and divided into two parts. The raised parts was called the citadel and the lower part, the lower town. The main streets were wide and straight and they cut each other at right angles. Fire burnt bricks were used for paving the streets. The houses had wells and bathrooms. The most remarkable building at Harappa was the Great Granary.
Every street has its brick lined drainage channel. It was connected to the house drains. These drains were properly covered. The drains had manholes for cleaning.
In Mohanjo-daro a great bath had been found. It had an open quadrangle with Verandahs on its four sides. The principle diet of the Harappan peoples constits of wheat, barley, rice, and vegetables. Mutton and fish was commonly used. The main occupation of people was agriculture and rearing animals. The Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses,rice,sesame, mustard linseed and peas. The plough, a new tool, was used for the first time to turn the soil.
More than 2000 seals have been discovered from the various sites. The most interesting seal is that of pashupati, which was a figure like lord shiva and was one of the principle deities of Harappans. Some seals bears the figures of animals like the buffalo, bull, tiger and elephant.
The civilization was came to an end in 1500 B.C. due to attack by invaders or by natural disasters.
In 1921 an Indian archeologist, Daya Ram Sahni , discovered the ruins of the city of Harappa. It was situated on the bank of river Ravi in West Punjab. Simultaneously, in 1922 the ruins of mohanjo- daro were discovered in the Larkana district of Sind by R.D. Banarjee. As both the places belonged to the Indus valley, the civilization called as indus valley civilization.
By the archeological surveys it was found that nearly 5000 B.C. first human gathering started near the river of Mesopotamia. In Indian continent, evidences of human civilization was found of 3500 B.C. at Mantgomri in the district of Punjab. This later developed as Harappa or Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization was speaded in the area of nearly 1000 miles. It was existed in Rupar in Shimla in North till Sutkagendorh in South. Its ruins had found in Alamgirpur in Meruth in east . Ruins had also excavated in Kalibanga, Lothal, Amri, Kotdizi, Chahnodaro etc.
The people of the Harappan Civilization were urban and highly skilled. There cities were well planned and divided into two parts. The raised parts was called the citadel and the lower part, the lower town. The main streets were wide and straight and they cut each other at right angles. Fire burnt bricks were used for paving the streets. The houses had wells and bathrooms. The most remarkable building at Harappa was the Great Granary.
Every street has its brick lined drainage channel. It was connected to the house drains. These drains were properly covered. The drains had manholes for cleaning.
In Mohanjo-daro a great bath had been found. It had an open quadrangle with Verandahs on its four sides. The principle diet of the Harappan peoples constits of wheat, barley, rice, and vegetables. Mutton and fish was commonly used. The main occupation of people was agriculture and rearing animals. The Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses,rice,sesame, mustard linseed and peas. The plough, a new tool, was used for the first time to turn the soil.
More than 2000 seals have been discovered from the various sites. The most interesting seal is that of pashupati, which was a figure like lord shiva and was one of the principle deities of Harappans. Some seals bears the figures of animals like the buffalo, bull, tiger and elephant.
The civilization was came to an end in 1500 B.C. due to attack by invaders or by natural disasters.
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